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Indo-European, Aryan and Slavic Timelines

0001 First year in Christian calendar, Augustus (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) is emperor of Rome
0006 Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea
0006 Jesus born (Luke 2:2); Quirinius named governor of Roman province of Syria, ordered to conduct census in new province of Judea; Galilee not part of census (contrary to Luke 2:4)
0006 Quirinius Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea
0006 the kingdom of Judea is annexed to Rome
0009-0012 M. Ambivius Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
0012?-15 Annius Rufus Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
0014-37 Tiberius I emperor of Rome, b. 42BC
0014 Augustus dies and Tiberius becomes emperor of Rome
0019 Beginning of reign of King Gundaphar in northern India (mentioned in Acts of Thomas)
0025-300 Kushan rule in northwestern India
0025 Assumption (Testament) of Moses, original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha)
0026-36 Pontius Pilate Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
0026 Pilate (Pontius Pilatus) is appointed prefect of Judea
0027-29 John the Baptist begins ministry (Luke 3,1-2) (15th year of Tiberius)
0027-34 Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (Mk1:4-11)
0027 John the Baptist preaches in Judea
0029 John the Baptist is beheaded by Herod's son Herod Antipas
0030-35 Jesus executed in this period (various traditions and guesses on date)
0030 -70 Apostles' Missionary Journeys. Missionary Journeys of Paul and the other Apostles. Paul preaches in Turkey, Greece, and Rome; Thomas preaches in India; Mark in Northern Africa; Peter in Rome. First attempt to preach the Gospel worldwide.
0030 Jesus is crucified by the Romans, and James becomes the leader of the "Christians"
0033-34 John the Baptist arrested and killed by Herod Antipas (Luke 3,19-20)
0033-36 Jesus' ministry
0033-61 Peter
0033 0200 Celtic Church Founded. Celtic Christians It is not known for certain when Christianity first arrived in the British Isles. We do know that the Galatians were Celts. These may have spread the faith to their brethren in Britain while the Apostle Paul was still completing his missionary journeys in the Mediterranean. The first undisputed historical reference we have is from the Christian Roman Tertullian, who Circa 200 A.D. wrote, "The extremities of Spain, the various parts of Gaul, the regions of Britain which have never been penetrated by Roman arms have received the religion of Christ." (Tertullian, Defensor Fidei, page 179).
0033 Saul/Paul, a Jew from the city of Tarsus in Asia Minor who used to persecute Christians, converts to Christianity
0034-65 Seneca
0036 Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th, [Ref John, Unauthorized Version/Fox] Last Supper would have been Thursday evening. (7Apr30 & 3Apr33 possible Fri/14/Nisan crucifixion dates)
0036?-37 Paul of Tarsus has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem church destroyed
0036?-65 Period of oral tradition in Christianity between the time of Jesus and the time the first gospel (Mark) is written, original Christians disperse throughout Judea and Samaria (Acts 8,1ff), Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the Church headquarters to Rome
0036?-67 Period Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the church headquarters from Jerusalem to Rome
0037-41 Gaius Caligula emperor of Rome, declared himself god
0037-41 Marullus Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
0037 Paul of Tarsus is converted (Acts 9)
0037 Tiberius dies and Caligula succeeds him
0040-70 Christian New Testament books of the Bible, written mostly within 10 years of the Crucifixion by people who had presumably known Jesus Christ during his earthly days.
0040 Paul goes to Jerusalem to consult with Peter (Gal 1, 18-20)
0040 Paul, a Jew from the city of Tarsus in Asia Minor, declares Christianity a universal religion and spreads the Gospel throughout the Mediterranean region
0040 the Jewish philosopher Philo of Alexandria reconciles Judaism with Greek philosophy
0041-54 Claudius emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina
0041 Caligula is succeeded by Claudius
0043 Romans invade and Britain becomes part of the Roman Empire
0044 all of Palestine becomes a Roman province
0044 James, brother of John, executed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12, 1-3)
0047-48 Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus (Acts 13, 4-12)
0047 Rome conquers the English Celts (or Britanni)
0048-49 Council of Jerusalem, 1st Christian Council, doctrine regarding circumcision and dietary law is agreed to by apostles and presbyters, written in a letter addressed to "the brothers of Gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia" (Acts 15)
0048-57 Paul writes Galations
0048 the Hsiung-nu empire is defeated by the Han and dissolves
0049-50 Paul in Corinth (Acts 18)
0049 emperor Claudius expels Christians from Rome
0049 Paul preaches Christianity in Greece
0050-0060 St. Andrew allegedly does mission work in Ukraine and, standing on the future site of Kiev, predicts that a great Christian city will one day exist there
0050 Arrival of Thomas in India (according to tradition)
0050 Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
0050 Danube (Marcomannic war)
0050 It is proclaimed that the king has the right to call out the fleet and rowers. <SW>
0050 London Founded
0050 Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400)
0050 Simon Magus, a Samaritan (Turkish) magician, becomes popular in Rome
0051-52 Paul writes 1 Thes
0051-52 Paul writes 2 Thes
0053-62 Paul writes Phil
0054-68 Nero emperor of Rome
0054 Claudius is succeeded by Nero
0055-117 Tacitus
0056 Paul writes 1 Corin
0057 Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21]
0057 Paul writes 2 Corin
0057 Paul writes Romans
0058 Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts25:4]
0059 Nero kills his mother, Agrippina
006-9 Coponius Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
0060 Paul imprisoned in Rome (Acts 28,16)
0060 the earliest gospels are composed
0060(?) Paul executed under Emperor Nero; legal grounds unclear, possibly sedition; possibly first time Christians distinguished from Jews (who were protected under Roman law)
0061-63 Paul writes 1,2 Timothy, Titus, known as "pastoral epistles"
0061-63 Paul writes Colossians
0061-63 Paul writes Ephesians
0061-63 Paul writes Philemon
0061 Boadicea leads the Iceni in revolt against the Romans
0061 Treaty of Samos between Rome and Kush
0062 James the brother of Jesus is executed by the Sadducees
0062 James written by leader of Jerusalem community (Gal 2,9?), "catholic" epistle
0062 Nero kills his wife Octavia and instigated to marry one Poppaea Sabina, a Jewess
0062 Paul is executed in Rome
0062 Paul martyred for treason in Rome
0063 Joseph of Arimathea travels to Glastonbury on the first Christian mission to Britain
0064-95 1 Peter written in Rome, by Peter the apostle?, "catholic" epistle
0064 Arrival of first Christians in China (according to tradition)
0064 Great fire of Rome, started by Nero and blamed on Christians, {Therefore to squelch the rumor , Nero created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment, the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal Jew;Meier;p.89-90]
0064 Nero executes Christians in Rome (probable, not certain)
0064 Nero sets fire to Rome and blames the Christians for it
0064 Peter is crucified in Rome
0065-125 Period in which 4 Gospels, Acts, Revelations, and remaining epistles written Peter martyred before 1st Holy Gospel is written, 7 Popes before last epistle is completed
0065-150 Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter
0065-150 Didache Instructions of the Apostles written
0066-70 Roman-Jewish War final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)
0066 Jews, led by the Zealots, start a revolt against Rome in Palestine
0066 Thaddeus establishes the Christian church of Armenia
0067-76 Linus
0067-78 Pope Linus, 2nd Pope, succeeds Peter (Linus mentioned in 2 Tm 4,21)
0067 General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee
0067 Linus is elected first bishop (pope) of Rome
0067 Peter martyred, crucified upside down in Rome
0067 the Jewish general Josephus deserts to the Romans
0068 Galba emperor of Rome (6/68-1/69)
0068 Nero commits suicide and is succeeded by Vespasianus
0068 Nero commits suicide, resurrects as "Nero redivivus", Rev's 666 (see 81)
0068 Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1949
0068 Roman troops destroy the Essene monastery at Qumran (Dead Sea)
0069-79 Vespian emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem
0069 Flavian Dynasty of Rome (Vespian, Titus, Domitian)
0069 Otho emperor of Rome (1/69-4/69)
0069 Vitellius emperor of Rome (6/69-12/69)
007-26 Brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee
0070-640 Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel
0070 -73 Destruction of the Temple / Beginning of Jewish Diaspora. The Roman General Titus captures Jerusalem and destroys the Jewish Temple (70 A.D.) and forbids Jews to live in Jerusalem, renaming Judea, "Syria Palestine." Many Jews are enslaved and sold in Egypt. Many more are forced to move to different areas throughout the Roman Empire (in 73 A.D. Roman Army ends the last remnant of Jewish resistance by capturing the fortress of Masada).
0070 "Signs Gospel" written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah
0070 Collapse of Jewish self-government in Judea and destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem
0070 Destruction of Jerusalem by Roman Emperor Titus
0070 Gospel according to Mark written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5,13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c 400
0070 Romans conquer Wales and the North
0070 the Pharisees expel Christians from their institutions
0070 the Roman general Titus defeats the Jews, captures Jerusalem, destroys the temple and expels the Jews from the region
0071 Mark the Evangelist introduces Christianity in Egypt and founds the Coptic church
0072 Martyrdom of Thomas in India (according to tradition)
0073 Jews expelled from Jerusalem concentrate in two communities, the western one at Yavneh/Jamnia/Jabne ("Alexandrian" Jews) under the Sanhedrin (supreme court) of rabbi Yohanan/Jochanan ben Zaccai, and the "Babylonian" community, a tributary of the Parthians
0074 the Zealonts/Sicarii commit mass suicide at Masada, the last stronghold of the Jewish rebels
0075-90 Acts of the Apostles written, same author as Gospel according to Luke
0075-90 Gospel according to Luke written, based on Mark and Q
0075 Judea, Galilea and Samaria are renamed "Palaestina" by the Romans
0076-88 Anacletus I
0078 Kushan Emperor Kanishka promotes Buddhism in India
0079-81 Titus emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian
0079-91 Pope Anacletus, 3rd Pope, known as "blameless" (as in Titus 1,7?)
0079 Mt Vesuvius, volcano overlooking Naples Bay, erupts, engulfs Pompeii
0079 Vespasianus is succeeded by Tito
0080-100 Odes of Solomon written in Syriac (probably in Edessa)
0080-85 Gospel according to Matthew written, based on Mark and Q, most popular in early Church
0080 80 The Colosseum of Rome completed
0080 The Colosseum
0080 the Jewish historian (and former general) Josephus writes the "Jewish Antiquities"
0081-96 Domitian emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68)
0081-96 Revelations written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
0088-97 Clement I
0090-100 1 John written, by author(s) of 4th gospel, "catholic" epistle
0090-100 2,3 John written, by "elder", disciple of John (son of Zebedee)?, "catholic" epistle
0090-100 Gospel according to John written, by John (son of Zebedee) and others, only eyewitness to Jesus?, disciple Jesus loved?, Gnostic?
0090 Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns
0090 Last Book of the Bible Written. The Apostle John receives and writes down the last of the New Testament Scripture, The Book of Revelation, on the Greek Isle of Patmos off what is now modern-day Turkey.
0090 rabbi ben Zaccai fixes the canon of the Hebrew scriptures for the Jews
0090s Christians in Rome prosecuted under Emperor Domitian (probable, not certain)
0091-101 Pope Clement I, 4th Pope, (mentioned in Phil 4,3), wrote letter to Corinth in 95 called "1 Clement"
0093 emperor Domitian orders the persecution of Christians
0094 "Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium Flavianum {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many of Greek origin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction, Marginal Jew, p.61]
0096-180 The "Good Emperors" in Rome
0096-98 Nerva emperor of Rome
0096 Hebrews written
0097-105 Evaristus
0098-116 Trajan emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size
0098 Roman historian Tacitus writes in the Latin book De Germania about tribes of Suiones in Scandinavia, who live off the ocean, sailing in large fleets of boats with a prow at either end, no sail, using paddles, and strong, loyal, well-armed men with spikes in their helmets. <SW>
0100-0200 A.D. The Goths, who perhaps originate in Scandinavia, migrate to the region north of the Black Sea. They dominate and rule the population there, while establishing ties with the Roman empire.<RU>
0100-125 2 Peter written, by ?, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle
0100-150 Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)
0100 2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
0100 2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta)
0100 200 271Beginning of Christian Monasticism (Eremetics Hermits) Hundreds of Christians are living as religious "hermits" (monks) in the deserts of Egypt (desert areas of Nitria and Scete), Israel, and Syria. It is not known when this movement first began.
0100 A.D. Objects of Roman manufacture appear in Scandinavian grave deposits, including silver cups of the finest workmanship, for example, from a grave in Hoby, Denmark. Bog sacrifices-ritual deposits of valuable objects common in Scandinavia since Neolithic times-continue and often incorporate Roman imports.<RU>
0100 Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta)
0100 Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
0100 Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch (v14), "catholic" epistle
0100 Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John (Apocrypha)
0100 Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
0100 Shaka and Kushan invasions in northern India
0100 Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible)
0100 Vandals inhabit the land between Elbe and Vistula (northern Germany)
0101-109 Pope Evaristus, 5th Pope
0105-15 Alexander I
0109-116 Pope Alexander, 6th Pope
0110 "Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers)
0110 Birth of Tatian in Mesopotamia
0110 Ignatius of Antioch writes to the Smyrnaeans that the Christian church is "katholikos" ("universal")
0110 Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF)
0110 Pliny the Younger, a governor in western Turkey, investigates accused Christians; Emperor Trajan supports him but warns against actively hunting Christians; Pliny has to explain what Christians are, relying on information from prisoners
0112 Martyrdoms of Sharbil, Babai and Barsamy in Edessa (according to tradition)
0115-25 Sixtus I
0116-125 Pope Sixtus I, 7th Pope
0117-138 Hadrian emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain
0117 or 123 Martyrdom of Bishop Semsoun in Arbela (according to tradition)
0117 the earliest known gospel manuscript (gospel of John)
0120-140 Evangelization of the Gilanians (on the shores of the Caspian Sea) and the lands of Gog and Magog (possibly referring to the Turks beyond the Oxus River), according to tradition
0120-250 Height of Roman portrait statuary
0120 The Pantheon
0121-180 Marcus Aurelius
0122 128 Emperor Hadrian builds a wall on the Scottish Border
0125-136 Pope Telesphorus, 8th Pope, martyred
0125-350 Period of Christianity during which the first Bible was assembled Christians are fiercely persecuted and then finally tolerated by the Roman Empire, Great Plague in Rome
0125-36 Telesphorus
0130-0200 Galen
0130-200 "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by Justin Martyr (165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?), Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apollinaris of Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers
0130 Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia)
0130 Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF)
0132-135 Bar Kokhba Revolt final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus)
0132 Jews, led by Bar-Cochba, whom some identify as the Messiah, revolt against Rome
0135 the "Apocalypse of Peter" prescribes that sinners will be punished in Hell
0135 the bishop of Rome Telesphorus institutes the birthday of Jesus (Christmas) as a Christian holiday
0136-40 Hyginus
0136 emperor Hadrian definitely crushes the Jewish resistance, forbids Jews from ever entering Jerusalem, and changes the name of the city to Aelia Capitolina
0136 the bishop of Rome, Hyginus, assumes the title of "pope"
0138-142 Pope Hyginus, 9th Pope
0138-161 Antoninus Pius emperor of Rome
0138 Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius, who repels Hadrian's anti-Jewish laws
0140-55 Pius I
0140 Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
0140 Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text-type
0140 Romans conquer Scotland
0140 the Sanhedrin is reorganized at Usha, in Galilee, under Simon II, patriarch of the west
0142-155 Pope Pius I, 10th Pope
0144 Marcion founds a heretic sect that believes the God of the Old Testament and the God of the New Testament are different Gods, and Jesus is not the son of the former
0150 "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western" version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex Bezae (D)
0150 First historical records of Christians in Edessa
0150 Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi)
0150 Papyrus Chester Beatty 6 R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12
0150 Sarmatian and Teutonic forces crossed the Danube and attacked Dacia (modern Romania)
0150 the four official gospels assume their final form
0150Egyptian astrologer and geographer Ptolemy of Alexandria draws his first map of countries on the Baltic Sea, with Scandia as the largest and most easterly of four islands in the "Germanic Ocean". <SW>
0150Roman expansion in Europe halted
0154 Birth of Bardaisan in Edessa
0155-166 Pope Anicetus, 11th Pope
0155-66 Anicetus
0155 Anicetus, the first pope from Syria, issues the first condemnation of heresy
0155, 177 Christians prosecuted in Smyrna, Turkey; Lyons, France
0160 Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek
0160 Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86
0160 Vandals inhabit Slesia
0161-180 Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome
0161 Marcus Aurelius becomes Roman emperor
0164-180 Great Plague in Roman Empire
0166-174 Pope Soter, 12th Pope, moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday
0166-75 Soter
0170 A.D. Demand for amber in the Roman empire raises the quality of life among the amber-rich peoples of the Baltic. Bronze jewelry, lavish horse trappings, and objects of Roman make, including glass, pottery, coins, and bronze figurines, appear in certain graves that might belong to a small trade elite commanding wealth hitherto unknown in the region.<RU>
0170 Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor
0170 Diatessaron translated by Tatian into Syriac
0170 Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels
0170 Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text-type
0170 Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation
0170 Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1
0172 Tatian returns to Arbela from Rome
0174-189 Pope Eleutherius, 13th Pope
0175-89 Eleuterus
0175 Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek
0177-212 Reign of Abgar VIII of Edessa, probably the first Christian king anywhere
0179 Conversion to Christianity of Bardaisan in Edessa
0179 or 189 Pantaenus visits India and records meeting Christians there
0180-192 Commodus emperor of Rome
0180 Death of Tatian
0180 the Didascalia opens in Alexandria, a school of Christian theology
0180 the Gaul bishop Irenaeus writes against gnosticism
0185-350 Canon Muratorian, 1st extant for NT?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter
0189-198 Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, 14th Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman"
0189-99 Victor I
0190 Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter
0190 Pantaenus founds the Coptic Catechetical School at Alexandria
0193-211 Septimius Severus emperor of Rome
0196 Bardaisan writes of Christians amongst the Parthians, Bactrians (Kushans) and other peoples in the Persian Empire
0196 Byzanthium falls to the Roman emperor Septimus Severus
0197 Writings of Apollonius, uses the term "catholic" in reference to 1 John
0198-217 Pope Zephyrinus, 15th Pope
0199-217 Zephyrinus
0199 Victor I is the first African to be elected pope
0200-300 Creation of the Yamato state in Japan
0200-900 Expansion of Bantu speakers in Africa
0200 A.D. The Sarmatians of the Black Sea region fight with Roman armies on the borders of the empire. Sarmatian tombs reflect the norms of a warrior elite that seems to involve both men and women. Within are found ornaments for horse trappings in gold and other metals, some enriched with glass and semiprecious inlays. Abstract, curvilinear forms as well as plump, vigorous-looking animals are characteristic of the style of ornament.<RU>
0200 Acts of Thomas written & Liturgy of Mar Addai and Mar Mari develops
0200 Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia
0200 Camels first used for trans-Saharan transport
0200 Completion of Roman jurisprudence by great jurists
0200 Hippolytus writes the "Philosophoumena", a "refutation of all heresies"
0200 Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant
0200 Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type
0200 Porcelain in China
0200 Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria
0200A system of beacons for defence are established along the eastern shores of Scandinavia and coast of Finland. <SW>
0200Visigoths (Balthi family, forests of Central Europe, originally known as Tervingian Goths) and Ostrogoths (Amals family, from the Don to the Dnestr, originally known as Greuthungian Goths)
0201 First historical record of a church building (anywhere) in Edessa
0204-270 Plotonius
0206 King Abgar IX converts Edessa to Christianity
0209 St Alban becomes the 1st Christian martyr
0212-217 Geta then Caracalla emperors of Rome
0214 Edessa becomes a Roman colony
0217-22 Calixtus I
0217-222 Pope Callistus I, 16th Pope
0217-236 Anti-Pope Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect, 1st Anti-Pope (illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne)
0218-222 Heliogabalus emperor of Rome
0220-589 Buddhism reaches China
0220 a Jewish academy is founded at Sura (in Mesopotamia)
0220 Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote "Exhortations to the Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation";"To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics)
0220 Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans
0220 Several bishoprics in Persia, according to Tertullian
0221-280 Three Kingdoms Era
0222-230 Pope Urban I, 17th Pope
0222-235 Alexandar Severus emperor of Rome
0222-30 Urban I
0222-35 Hippolytus
0222 Death of Bardaisan
0223 Tertullian, wr "de Spectaculis" (Latin) v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of prostitute, coined "New Testament", cites "Western" Gospel text-type (Loeb)
0225-250 Syriac Didascalia Apostolorum (Doctrine of the Apostles) written (mentions evangelization of the Gilanians and the land of Gog and Magog)
0225 /6 The Sassanid dynasty overthrows the Parthian dynasty in Persia (More than 20 bishoprics in Mesopotamia and Persia at the time)
0225 Tertullian, father of the African church, dies
0230-236 Pope Pontian, 18th Pope
0230-250 Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen who in 248 cited a rumor recorded by Celsus that "Jesus fabricated the account of his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret. Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer, learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28-32, Marginal Jew, Meier, p. 223]
0230-35 Pontian
0230 pope Urban I justifies the ownership of property by the Church, the elevation of bishops and the excommunication of heretics
0235-284 Civil war in the Roman empire
0235-36 Anterus
0235 the Egyptian (Coptic) philosopher Origen writes that the Roman empire is a divine will
0236-237 Pope Anterus, 19th Pope
0236-238 Maximus emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die
0236-50 Fabian
0237-250 Pope Fabian, 20th Pope
0238-244 Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III emperors of Rome
0238First Gothic incursion into the Roman empire
0240-250 Christian council of Carthage
0241 Mani begins to preach in Seleucia-Ctesiphon
0244-249 Philip the Arabian emperor of Rome
0246 Paul of Thebes retreats to the Egyptian desert and becomes the first Christian hermit
0249-251 Decius emperor of Rome
0249 Rome celebrates 1000th anniversary
0250 emperor Decius orders the first empire-wide persecution of Christians
0250 Goths settle in Scythia (Black Sea)
0250 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) controls Red Sea trade
0250 Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers
0250 Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza"
0250 Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints
0250 the Roman philosopher Plotinus synthesizes the Platonism and Aristotelianism ("neoplatonism")
0250s Christians persecuted (first raids ever on Christian meeting places in 257)
0251-253 Gallus emperor of Rome
0251-253 Pope Cornelius, 21st Pope
0251-258 Anti-Pope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism
0251-356 Anthony of Egypt reputed father of hermit monasticism
0251-53 Cornelius
0251-58 Novatian
0253-254 Pope Lucius I, 22nd Pope
0253-260 Valerian emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests, and Deacons
0253-54 Lucius I
0254-257 Pope Steven I, 23rd Pope, major schism over rebaptizing heretics and apostates
0254-57 Stephen I
0254 Letters of Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled "Hexapla" 6 versions of LXX side by side Hebrew, Hebrew transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans., Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script; cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH6.8.1-3]
0257-258 Pope Sixtus II, 24th Pope, martyred
0257-58 Sixtus II
0257 Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain
0258 Cyprian, second father of the African church, dies
0258 Edessa secured by Persia and made part of Persian Empire
0258 Letters of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him
0260-268 Gallienus emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church
0260-268 Pope Dionysius, 25th Pope, rebuilds Roman Church after Valerian's massacre
0260-68 Dionysius
0260 Emperor Gallienus orders religious tolerance; Christians build public churches
0260 Paul of Samosata preaches that Jesus was not God
0264-268 Christian council on Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism)
0264 A council excommunicates Paul of Samosata
0264 Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b.190?
0268-270 Claudius II emperor of Rome
0268 Goths raid Athens
0268 Goths secure Athens, Sparta, Corinth
0268 Lucianus of Antioch (born in Samosata) preaches that Jesus was only a man
0269-274 Pope Felix I, 26th Pope
0269-74 Felix I
0270-275 Aurelian emperor of Rome
0270 Anthony becomes a hermit in Egypt
0270 Antony takes up life of solitude
0270 First priest ordained in Seleucia-Ctesiphon
0270 Vandals cross the Rhein
0271 or 272Antony Inspiration for European Monasticism. Antony (or Anthony) (251 or 252-356 or 357) is converted to Christ at age 20 (271 or 272 A.D.) and moves into the Egyptian Desert as a religious hermit after hearing the words "If thou wilt be perfect, go and sell all that thou hast." His desire is to live like Christ and the Apostles. He is often spoken of as the "Father of Christian Monasticism" and "the first Christian Monk, " however his own story (by Athanasius) says that there were already hundreds of Christian monks (Christian hermits) in the Egyptian desert when he first arrived.
0273-276 Mani crucified and his followers (Manichaeans) flee eastward
0275-283 Pope Eutychian, 27th Pope, decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at Mass
0275-83 Eutychian
0275 Papyrus 47 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17- 17:2
0276-282 Marcus Aurelius Probus emperor of Rome
0276 Mani is crucified by the Sassanids for tring to incorporate Judaism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism into one religion ("manicheism")
0276 Mani, b.215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia
0283-296 Pope Gaius, 28th Pope
0283-96 Caius
0284-305 Diocletian
0284-305 Diocletian emperor of Rome, notorius persecuter of Christians
0285 Papa is ordained first bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon (the first "catholico")
0285 Papa ordained as first bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and later adopts title of "Catholicos"
0285 Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires
0290-345 St Pachomius establishes 1st monastery in Egypt
0290 Brief persecution of Persian Christians under Bahram II
0296-304 Marcellinus
0296-304 Pope Marcellinus, 29th Pope, apostate, offered pagan sacrifices for Diocletian
0298 Rome captures Nisibis
0300-0700 Teotihuacán culture in Mexico
0300-1500. Mayan civilization in Central America
0300-500 Barbarian invasions of China
0300-800 Classical age of Hindu culture in India
0300 Bishop David of Basra goes to India & Birth of Aphrahat (?)
0300 Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria
0300 Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]
0300 Internal changes in Chinese political situation forced Huns [Hsiung-hu] to move westward. They tried to invade India but were repulsed. They then moved with great rapidity westward and passed north of the Caspian and Black seas and down through southern Russia into the Balkans" Cantor 100).
0300 the population of the Roman Empire is 60 million (about 15 million Christians)
0301 Armenia officially embraces Christianity
0301 Armenian king Tiridates I converted by Gregory the Illuminator
0303-311 Last persecution of Christians in Rome
0303 Arnobius speaks of the Chinese as "united in the faith of Christ"
0303 emperor Diocletian orders a general persecution of the Christians
0303 Emperor Diocletian orders universal sacrifices to pagan gods; Christian persecuted; pagan opposition to his persecution order leads to its failure
0304 Catholic Christians help pagans starve jailed Donatist Christian "schismatics" to death in Carthage, North Africa
0304 Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau
0306-308 Pope Marcellus I, 30th Pope, tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing the peace
0306-312 Maxentius emperor of Western Roman Empire
0306-337 Constantine I
0306-337 Emperor Constantine the Great, convert to Christianity
0306 Constantine the Great declared Emperor at York
0306 James ordained as first bishop of Nisibis & Birth of Ephrem the Syrian in Nisibis
0306 the first bishop of Nisibis is ordained
0308-9 Marcellus I
0309-10 Eusebius
0310 Pope Eusebius, 31st Pope, deported to Sicily with anti-Pope Heraclius by Maxentius
0311-14 Miltiades
0311-314 Pope Miltiades, 32nd Pope, Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal residence
0311 Beginning of toleration of Christians in Roman Empire
0311 Conversion to Christianity of Constantine the Great
0311 Donatus and others rebel against the appointment of the bishop of Carthage, claiming independence of Church and state, and claiming that the people could determine how worthy of administering sacraments a priest is
0311 Pagan Emperor Galerius orders tolerance for Christians
0311Donatus and others rebel against the appointment of the bishop of Carthage, claiming independence of church and state
0312 Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire
0312 Constantine has vision of either Apollo or Jesus, wins battle of Milvian Bridge
0312 Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, martyred
0312 Roman emperor Constantine converts to Christianity
0313 a cathedral is built in Edessa
0313 Co-Emperors Constantine, Licinius issue Edict of Milan protecting freedom of religion; coin minted to celebrate Constantine's victory in 312 shows him with Apollo
0313 Constantine's Edict of Toleration legalizes Christianity in the Roman Empire & First cathedral built in Edessa by Bishop Qona (first bishop mentioned in Edessa)
0313 Constantine ends the persecution of the Christians (edict of Milan)
0313 Constantine Legalizes Christianity / Makes Christianity State Religion. Emperor Constantine (274 through 288-May 22, 336) with the Edict of Milan makes Christianity legal, ending official government persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire.
0313 Constantine recognizes the Christian church
0313 Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity
0313 Emperor Constantine legalizes Christian church (right)
0313 Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates
0314-335 Pope Silvester I, 33rd Pope
0314-35 Sylvester I
0314 Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism
0314 Donatism is condemned as a heresy
0314 Persian Synod of Seleucia deposes Papa after he proposes that the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon should have primacy over the other Eastern bishops & Death of Tiridates I of Armenia
0314 the Armenian king Tiridates I converted by Gregory the Illuminator
0315 Letter from Constantine to Shapur II urging him to protect Christians in his realm & Papa restored as bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon and begins to use the title "Catholicos"
0316 Donatism splits from Catholicism and spreads throughout Africa
0317 Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father
0318 Arius (b 256), a student of Lucian, preaches in Alexandria
0318 Arius (b 256), a student of Lucian, preaches in Alexandria that Jesus was human and not divine ("Arianism")
0318 Pachomius, a disciple of Anthony, organizes a community of ascetics at Tabennis in Egypt (birth of Christian monasticism)
0320-467 Gupta dynasty in India
0320 Arius is expelled by the patriarch Alexander and during his travels through the eastern Roman empire converts more bishops
0320 Eusebius views a unified Christian empire as a divine goal
0320Arius is expelled by the patriarch Alexander and during his travels through the eastern Roman empire converts more bishops
0321 Constantine decrees Sunday as offical Roman-Christian day of rest
0323 Constantine builds a church to the apostle Peter on the Roman cemetery where the martyr is buried
0324 AD Constantine I becomes sole Roman Emperor. A period of civil war concludes with Constantine I as sole emperor of the eastern and western Roman Empire. He commences construction of New Rome (Constantinople) on the site of the old Greek city of Byzantium. Constantine instigates a series of legislative changes that favour Christians within the Roman Empire.
0324 Constantine gains sole control of empire; Christianity official state religion under him
0324 Emperor Constantine the Great established Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire.
0324 First History of the Church Written since New Testament. Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (ca. A.D. 260-339), a learned scholar who lived most of his life in Caesarea (in what was at that time part of the Roman Province of Syria-Palestine...now modern-day Israel), breaks new ground by writing The History of the Church (the history of Christianity from Christ to Constantine); providing a model for all later ecclesiastical historians. He extensively quotes sources; including Jewish and Roman Historians such as Josephus, Tacitus, early Church Fathers like Polycarp, Irenaus; and many others.
0325 at the council of Nicaea the Arians are defeated
0325 Council of Nicaea discusses the divine/human nature of Jesus and approves the Christian canon (the New Testament) against "heretic" books
0325 Council of Nicaea on dispute between views of Bishops Alexander and Athanasius (Jesus same as god) and Presbyter Arius (Jesus is not god); Constantine opposes Arius, imprisons dissenters; some of Constantine's successors are Arians, suppress Athanasians
0325 Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called 1st great Christian council by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend, Nicaean Creed
0325 Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11
0325 First Council of Nicea; Arius condemned but not defeated
0325 First Ecumenical Council of Nicaea asserts Christ's deity (James of Nisibis and a Persian bishop from "India" recorded as attending) & James of Nisibis establishes theological school in Nisibis after the Council of Nicaea
0325 Nicene Creed / Canon of Scripture Officially Recognized. Council of Nicaea, a general council of all the Bishops in the Christian church, publishes The Nicene Creed as a united statement against the Arian heresy (which rejects the Deity of Christ). They also affirm which books have since their writing been recognized by Christians as being divinely inspired (the Canon of Scripture of the New Testament). Athanasius; as Bishop of Alexandria, in Egypt; is present.
0325 The Council of Nicaea. Constantine is not prepared to tolerate divisions within the Christian Church, a threat to Roman stability that he regards as "formidable as any war or battle". An ecumenical ("world -wide") council of church leaders is convened at Nicaea to debate Arianism; a popular religious doctrine, which holds that Jesus Christ ("the Son"), is inferior to God ("the Father"). The Council counters Arianism with the Nicene Creed, a theological formulation which includes the statement that the Son and Father are of the same substance and therefore equal. Although the Council apparently 'solves' the problem of Arianism, the heresy continues to exist and gain many adherents over the next two centuries, including some of Constantine's successors.
0326/7 Death of Papa and succession of Shimun bar Sabbaeas as Catholicos
0328 Athanasius becomes bishop of Alexandria and fights Arianism
0330-335 A.D. Beginning of Christian Monastic Communities. Pachomius (292-346) founds the first organized monastic community in the deserts of Egypt. St. Basil the Great (329?-379), influenced by Pachomius, founded monasteries in Cappadocia (eastern Asia Minor; modern-day Turkey). He writes his own Rule, much of which survives in The Rule of St. Benedict, which would use it as a guide.
0330 Amoun and Macarius found monasteries in the Egyptian desert
0330 Constantine grants the Vandals land in Pannonia (Hungary)
0330 Constantinople formally dedicated as Roman Capital. 330 is often treated as a convenient starting point for referring to the Roman Empire in the East as the "Byzantine Empire" or "Byzantium".
0330 First Syrian monastery founded by Mar Augin north of Nisibis
0330 Hilarion organizes a monastery at Gaza in Palestine
0330 Mar Augin founds a monastery in Syria near Nisibis
0330 Old Saint Peter's Basilica dedicated by Constantine, located over the traditional burial site of Saint Peter the Apostle in Rome on Vatican Hill
0330 The pro-Christian Roman emperor Constantine I dedicates the city of Constantinople (in Greek "the city of Constantine"), established on the site of the Greek city Byzantium, as the new capital of the Roman Empire.
0331 Seat of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (formally Byzantium)
0334 First bishop concecrated for Merv
0334 the first bishop is ordained for Merv, in Transoxania
0335-36 Marcus
0335 Christians estimated at 10 percent of Roman imperial population
0336-337 Pope Mark, 34th Pope
0336 Arius, Greek theologian Arianism (Jesus was a created being)
0337-350 Persian wars against Rome
0337-350 Roman empire splits again, Constans emperor of West until 350
0337-352 Pope Julius I, 35th Pope
0337-361 Roman empire splits again, Constantius emperor of East until 361
0337-52 Julius I
0337 Constantine dies and the Roman empire is divided in eastern (Costantinople) and western (Rome) empire
0337 Death of Constantine the Great and division of the Roman Empire & Aphrahat writes Demonstrations, Part I
0337 Saint Nina converts the Georgians to Orthodox Christianity.
0338 Jewish calendar modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar
0339 Athanasius of Alexandria visits Rome accompanied by the two Egyptian monks Ammon and Isidore, disciples of Anthony, who export the idea of monasticism
0340-363 The Great Persecution of the Persian church
0340 Beginning of Persian monasticism under Aphrahat north of Mosul
0340 Christianization and literalization of the Goths (Ulfila and the "Gothic bible")
0340 Eusebius of Caesarea (260-340), theologian & church historian, cites "Caesarean" NT text-type, wrote "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb Classics 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one translated them as he could."} [Ref EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox, p.126-127] Eusebius' NT Canon Recognized Books 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14 Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the Hebrews; Rejected Books Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of Andrew, John ... [EH3.25], used the term "catholic" to refer to all seven epistles James; 1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter; Jude
0340 Pachomius draws up code of monastic behavior in Luxor, Egypt
0340 the first monastery of Persia is founded by Aphrahat near Mosul
0340 Ulfila converts the Goths to Arianism
0344 catholics are expelled in Persia
0344 Martyrdom of Catholicos Shimun bar Sabbae, 5 bishops and 100 priests
0345 Martyrdom of Catholicos Shahdost; Aphrahat writes Demonstrations, Part II & Thomas of Cana arrives in India (according to tradition)
0345 Pachomius dies and his institution already counts eight monasteries and hundreds of monks organized in a hierarchy
0346 Martyrdom of Catholicos Barbashmin
0350-400 Period of time between the 1st Christian Bible and the 1st Western Christian Bible, during which the books contained in Bibles varied
0350 Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John
0350 Canon Cheltenham 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews)
0350 Ephrem the Syrian helps Nisibis repel Persian attack & Birth of Theodore of Mopsuestia
0350 Hunnic invasion of South-eastern Europe
0350 Papyrus Bodmer 45-46 Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX)
0350 the missionary Ninian establishes the church Candida Casa at Whithorn in Galloway, Scotland
0350 The Picts and Scots attack the border
0350 Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic
0352-366 Pope Liberius, 36th Pope
0352-66 Liberius
0353-65 Felix II
0353 the new emperor favors Arianism
0354-430 St. Augustine
0354-430 St. Augustine, Latin Bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian theology, church father
0354 Theophilus "the Indian" reports visiting Christians in India
0355-365 Anti-Pope Felix II, Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II
0356 Theophilus "the Indian" consecrated as a bishop and converts king of the Himyarites in Yemen
0357Athanasian Creed / Europe Adopts Monasticism. Athanasius (296 through 298-373) The author of the Athanasian Creed. Also wrote A Life of St. Antony (357 A.D.) which causes thousands in Europe to adopt the monastic lifestyle, both as religious hermits (eremitic), and in communities (cenobitic).
0358 Basil founds the monastery of Annesos in Pontus, the model for eastern monasticism (perfect Christian life and constant penance, meditation + poverty + humility)
0358 Basil the Great founds first monastery (right)
0360 Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex)
0360 Julian "the Apostate" becomes Emperor of Rome and invades Persia
0360 Martin, future bishop of Tours, founds the first French monastery at Liguge
0360 the Vandals convert to christianity
0361-363 Julian the Apostate emperor of East, attempts to revive Paganism
0363 Council of Laodicea names 26 NT books (excludes Revelations)
0363 Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers
0363 Persia defeats the Romans, killing Julian, and recaptures Nisibis & School of Nisibis moves to Edessa, along with Ephrem the Syrian
0363 Persia recaptures Nisibis from the Romans and the school of Nisibis moves to Edessa
0364 Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath
0366-367 Anti-Pope Ursinus, leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius
0366-384 Pope Damasus I, 37th Pope, hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians (Liberians)
0366-67 Ursinus
0366-83 Damasus I
0367 Athanasias, bishop of Alexandria, first citing of modern 27 NT canon
0367 Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon
0367 Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers
0370 Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians)
0370 Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon
0370 Ermanarich rules all the Greuthungian Goths from the Baltic to the Black Sea
0371 Martin of Tours converts pagans
0373 Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text-type
0373 Mawiyya becomes first Christian Arab queen of Tanukh tribe
0374 A.D. / 388St. Augustine Writes / Founds Monastic Order. Augustine of Hippo (Nov. 13, 354-Aug. 28, 430) is converted to Christianity in 374While the Servei Dei (Servants of God) Lay Religious Order of the fourth and fifth centuries did not occupy official positions, the Church recognized and honored these Laymen who pursued a monastic life of contemplation and prayer. Augustine accepted Christ. Then he joined the Servei Dei. In 388 A.D. Augustine and a few Christian friends founded the Augustinian Order, the oldest Monastic Fraternity in the West. Eventually Augustine would be made Bishop of the town of Hippo, where he established a monastery that functioned as a Seminary, training young monks to be Bishops in all of the towns of North Africa. He would write 93 books that would influence the Protestant, Roman Catholic, and Orthodox Churches."
0374 Ambrose is elected bishop of Milan, which has become the main Christian center in Italy
0375 A.D. The Huns, a nomadic people with origins in eastern Central Asia, conquer the Black Sea Gothic communities, driving large numbers of refugees into Roman territory and thereby destabilizing the Roman state. Earlier, the Huns' western movement had caused terror and destruction among the Sarmatians.<RU>
0375 Ermanarich is defeated by the Huns and commits suicide, while his Goths become subjects of the Huns
0375 nomadic Mongolian tribes of central Asia (possibly remnants of the Hsiung-nu, Xiongnu, Huns) organize themselves into a confederation, the Juan-juan (Avars)
0375 the Jerusalem Talmud (manual of lifestyle) is compiled by western Jews
0376 Athanaric's rival Fritigern converts to (Arian) christianity in order to benefit from Roman help, crosses the Danube and demands admission to the empire
0376 Huns, led by Uldin, reach the Black Sea and the Danube, conquering the eastern Goths
0376 Ostrogoths overrun by Huns; Visigoths petitioned eastern emperor for refuge on Roman soil (Cantor 100).
0376 the Tervingian king Athanaric is defeated by the Huns and his Goths are pushed into the Carpathians by the advancing Huns
0376 Visigoths convert to Arian christianity
0378 Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers
0378 the Romans are defeated at Hadrianapolis by Fritigern's Goths and the emperor is killed
0379-395 Emperor Theodosius I backs Athanasianism, suppresses Arianism; Athanasianism remains official Christian belief through today
0379-395 Theodosius I
0379-395 Theodosius the Great, last emperor of the united empire
0379 /80-401/2 Continuation of the Great Persecution of the Persian church
0379 the Roman empire bans Arianism
0380-450 Kalidasa, India's greatest poet
0380 Ambrose preaches virginity
0380 Christianity becomes the official Roman religion
0380 Christianity becomes the sole legal religion of the Roman Empire
0380 Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius
0380 Theodosius I proclaims Christianity as the sole religion of the Roman Empire
0381 Council of Theodosius at Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true human soul
0381 First Council of Constantinople adopts Nicene Creed
0381 Second Ecumenical Council convoked by Theodosius I in Constantinople
0381 Second Ecumenical Council of Constantinople asserts Christ's humanity and declares Rome and Constantinople equal & Birth of Nestorius
0382-384 Pope Damasus I has Jerome revise and unify Latin Bibles
0383 Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain
0384-399 Pope Siricius, 38th Pope, criticized Jerome
0384-99 Siricius
0384 Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost
0385 Bishop Priscillian, followers burned at stake as heretics in Spain
0386 Jerome founds monasteries in Bethlehem
0390-430 Doctrine of Addai written
0390 Apollinaris of Laodicea, Jesus had human body but divine spirit
0390 Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers
0390 Nestorian missionary Abdyeshu builds monastery on the island of Bahrain
0390 the Gothic general Alaric is hired as a Roman commander
0391 Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote "Res gestae"
0392 Theodore ordained as bishop of Mopsuestia
0393 397 Augustine's Councils, cites exactly 27 NT books
0394 Death of Diodore of Tarsus
0394 Kutelburi becomes khan of the Juan-juan empire, that stretches from Manchuria in the east to Lake Balkhash in the west
0395 Alaric unifies the Goths of the Balkans (Visigoths)
0395 Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin)
0395 Stilicho (a German of Vandal descent) is appointed supreme commader of the western Roman army
0395 The empire is divided into eastern and western portions under Arkadios and Honorius, the sons of Emperor Theodosius I.
0395 the Huns raid Armenia
0395 Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games
0396 Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens
0397 Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote "de Fide" ...
0397 Stilicho attacks his old friend Alaric, but lets him repeatedly escape
0397 the eight council (at Carthage) defines the Christian canon (the "New Testament") as comprised of four official gospels (all others are declared heretic) and the letters of the apostles
0398 John Chrysostom becomes bishop of Constantinople
0398 Maximus of Turin preaches against pagans
0399-401 Anastasius I
0399-401 Pope Anastasius I, 39th Pope
0399 End of the Great Persecution under Yazdegerd I
0400-484 Era between 1st Western Christian Bible and the Great Schism Christian doctrine is formed, Roman empire ends
0400 Codex Bobiensis it(k) ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text- type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8
0400 Codex Vercellensis it(a) Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type
0400 Cruel barbarians who consecrated their treaties with toasts of human blood drunk from a human skull, Attila's Huns followed the Sarmatians to build an empire that, by the 5thC, reached into the plains of Hungary" (Lincoln xx).
0400 Jerome (Eusebius Hieronymus) translates the Bible into Latin (the "Vulgate")
0400 Jerome adds Pericope of the Adultress (John 7,53-8,11)
0400 Jerome cites "expanded" ending in Mark after Mark 16,14
0400 Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible
0400 Vulgate Bible, by Jerome?, (340?-420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin text becomes standard Western Christian Bible
0401-17 Innocent I
0401-417 Pope Innocent I, 40th Pope, decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity
0401 0410 The Romans withdraw from Britain Anglo Saxons migrants begin to Settle
0401 Alaric invades Italy but is defeated by Stilicho (who lets him escape again)
0401 Visigoths invade Italy
0402 the western Roman empire moves its capital from Rome to Ravenna
0403 Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers
0403 St. Patrick Converts Ireland / His Church Model is Monastic. St. Patrick (387-Mar.17, 493) was captured at age sixteen by Irish slave raiders and enslaved for six years in Ireland. During this time he became a Christian (he had been raised in a Christian home, but had not been given his life to Christ). He escaped Ireland, studied in a monastery, and was sent as a missionary Bishop to the Irish people (432 A.D.?), who converted from Druidism to Christianity. The best telling of the story of St. Patrick is found in the book How the Irish Saved Civilization (Book Review). Read Patrick's own words in his Confession and in his Letter to Coroticus. St Patrick, a Missionary Bishop and Monk, establishes Monasteries everywhere. There are no cities in Ireland. Celtic Christianity is organized along Monastic lines (each monastery group being independent), as opposed to the Roman model of central universal control organized through Bishop/City based political hierarchies.
0404 Jerome Translates Pachomius' "Rule". St. Jerome translates The Rule of Pachomius into Latin.
0405 Adoption of Chinese writing in Japan
0406 Vandals cross the Rhein and occupy Spain
0407 Roman general Stilicho (of Vandal descent) stops the Vandals on their way to Italy
0408 Stilicho is assassinated in a coup
0408 the Roman patrician Aetius is taken prisoner by the Huns
0408 Uldin crosses the Danube but is defeated by Rome
0409 /10 Yazdegerd I's Edict of Toleration
0410 Alaric secures Rome
0410 at the council of Seleucia, the Persian church declares its independence from Antioch and Rome
0410 First General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Isaac) confirms the primacy of the bishop of Seleucia-Ctesiphon as "Catholicos of all the Orient" and the equality of Seleucia-Ctesiphon with the sees of Jerusalem, Antioch, Alexandria and Rome, adopts the Nicene Creed and establishes metropolitans for Jundishapur, Nisibis, Basra, Arbela, and Kirkuk; The Lakhmid Arabs of Hirta receive a Nestorian bishop & Alaric the Goth secures Rome
0410 Rome is sacked by Alaric the Visigoth. Although Rome, as a capital city, had long ceased to have any real significance in practical terms, its fall to a tribe of barbarians marks the irrevocable decline of the Roman Empire in the West. Western Roman Emperors continue to be appointed for the next sixty years, but they have little real standing.
0410 Rome is sacked by the Visigoths.
0410 the ascetic monk Maron founds the Christian Maronite religion in Syria
0410 the Romans withdraw from Britain
0410 the Visigots secure Rome
0410 Visigoths secure Rome
0410 Visigoths secure Rome under king Alaric
0411 Alaric dies on hs way to Africa and is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who marches back north to Gaul
0411 Alaric secures Rome; St. Augustine writes The City of God.
0411 thanks to Augustine, Donatism begins to decline
0411 thanks to St Augustine, Donatism begins to decline
0412 the new Hun leader Donatus is murdered by the Romans and is succeeded by Charato (Karaton), who unifies all Western Huns
0412 the Romans expel the Visigoths and force them to settle in south-western Gaul and help fight the Vandals
0413 Construction of Constantinople's triple walls begin. Although commonly known as the "Theodosian Walls" after Theodosios II, the reigning emperor), the walls were actually built on the orders of Anthemius, the Empire's Prefect of the East, to counter an immediate threat from the Huns. In conjunction with Constantinople's naturally strong location, the Theodosian walls will prove their worth against any number of attacks upon Constantinople through Byzantine history. They will fall to an attacking army only twice, once during the chaos of the Fourth Crusade (1204) and, finally, to the Ottoman Turks, who breach them in 1453 with the help of artillery and overwhelming numbers.
0414 Ataulf marries Galla Placida, the emperor's sister
0414 Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers
0415 at the synod of Jerusalem the Celtic monk Pelagius is accused of heresy for preaching that the soul has free will and goes to heaven if it chooses the good
0415 Ataulf marches into Spain where he is assassinated and is succeeded by his brother Wallia
0415 Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells
0415 Roman emperor Theodosius II expels the Jews from Alexandria
0416 Visigoths take Spain
0417-18 Zosimus
0417-418 Pope Zosimus, 41st Pope
0418-19 Eulalius
0418-22 Boniface I
0418-419 Anti-Pope Eulalius
0418-422 Pope Boniface I, 42nd Pope
0418 Franks take Gaul
0418 the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France)
0419 Gunderic unifies the Vandals of northern (Alans) Spain and southern (Vandals) Spain
0420 Second General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Yaballaha I); Ma'na, a student at the School of Edessa, translates Syriac works into Pahlavi (Middle Persian) & Second persecution of the Persian church under Yazdegerd I and Bahram V
0420 St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics)
0421 Vandals defeat the Roman army
0422-32 Celestine I
0422-432 Pope Celestine I, 43rd Pope
0423 Saint Simeon spends 36 year on a pillar near Aleppo, Syria
0423 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use
0424 at the synod of Dadyeshu the "catholico" of the Eastern Church proclaims himself as a patriarch on equal footing with Antioch and Rome
0424 Third General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Dadyeshu) confirms Catholicos of the Church of the East as "Patriarch of the East" and asserts him as equal to all other patriarchs (no longer subject to Antioch or Rome) & Bishops appointed for Herat and Merv
0425 Augustine writes "De Civitate Dei", which separates the world of humans from the world of heavens, and proclaims salvation through faith only
0425 Huns are hired by a western Roman general (Aetius) to fight in Italy during a political crisis
0425 the first bishops are ordained for Herat and Samarkand
0427 Gaiseric's Vandals cross the strait of Gibraltar and land in Africa
0427 Gunderic dies and is succeeded by his brother Gaiseric/Gensenric
0428 Nestorius ordained as Patriarch of Constantinople & Death of Theodore of Mopsuestia
0428 Nestorius, a monk in the Syrian monastery of Euprepius, is appointed by the eastern Roman emperor Theodosius II as patriarch of Constantinople and preaches the doctrine of two natures of Jesus, human and divine
0429 Monk Telemachus Martyrdom Ends Coliseum Games. Telemachus (?-400 through 429 A.D.) The Monk responsible for ending the Coliseum Games. While visiting Rome from somewhere in the East, Telemachus places himself between two gladiators in the Roman Coliseum during the Games. The crowd, enraged at having their "entertainment" interrupted, stone him to death. The Emperor Honorius declares Telemachus to be a victorious martyr, and proclaims the Gladiatorial and Coliseum Games to be henceforth illegal and ended.
0429 Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes
0429 Vandals, led by Gaiseric, invade northern Africa and are recognized as an independent kingdom
0430 Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers
0430 St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philosopher, wrote "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin)
0430 the new Hun leader Rugida (Rua) signs a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire (annual salary in return for peace)
0431 Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, decreed Mary the Mother of God
0431 First Council of Ephesus condemns Nestorius
0431 Palladius is sent by the Pope as first bishop of Ireland
0431 Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian-disagreed with Council of Ephesus) and West (Jacobites)
0431 the third Ecumenical Council convened in Ephesus declares that there is only one nature in Jesus (divine), condemns Nestorius (who is then banned by Theodosius II) and affirms that Mary was the "mother of God"
0431 Third Ecumenical Council of Ephesus condemns Nestorius as a heretic; Rabbula, Bishop of Edessa, burns writings of Theodore of Mopsuestia & School of the Persians in Edessa first closed by Romans
0432-40 Sixtus III
0432-440 Pope Sixtus III, 44th Pope
0432 St Patrick begins mission in Ireland
0432 the Roman missionary Patrick is taken prisoner to Ireland
0433-453 Attila the Hun, "Scourge of the Gods"
0433 Aetius becomes the de-facto ruler of the western Roman empire
0433 Rugida (Rua) signs a treaty with the western Roman empire that surrenders Pannonia to the Huns in exchange for military help
0434 A.D. Under the rule of Attila, the Huns move west again, defeating many Germanic tribes throughout central Europe. Attila's formidable cavalry seems unstoppable until it reaches Gaul, where it is checked by an alliance of Roman and Germanic troops in 451 A.D. Attila's death in 453 A.D. weakens his vast empire, and the Huns retire eastward, leaving the tribes once subject to Hun domination to pursue their own territorial ambitions.<RU>
0434 Rugida (Rua) dies and is succeeded by Attila (a friend of Aetius) and his brother Bleda
0435 Aetius employs Huns to fight Vandals and Franks
0436 Aetius and the Huns destroy the Burgundians
0439 Attila helps Aetius
0439 Gaiseric conquers Carthage
0440-461 Pope Leo I, 45th Pope
0440-61 Leo I
0440 The Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy Transoxiana (Central Asia), Bactria (Afghanistan), and Khurasan (eastern Persia)
0440 the hermit Symeon the Stylite lives on top of a column (monastery of Telanissos in Syria)
0441 the Huns raid eastern Roman outposts along the Danube
0441 the Huns sign a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire
0443 John of Antioch and Cyril of Alexandria conclude a theological peace by compromise over Nestorianism
0444 Death of Cyril of Alexandria, who believed Christ had one nature after his Incarnation (monophysitism)
0444 Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers
0445 by murdering his brother, Attila becomes sole leader of the Huns, who are centered in Hungary (Pannonia)
0445 the emperor Valentinian III decrees that all western bishops must obey the pope
0445 the monastery of Armagh is founded
0447 the Huns and Valamer's Goths attack the eastern Roman empire in the Balkans and Attila reaches the walls of Constantinople
0447 Valamer unifies Goths in Pannonia and helps Huns fight the Romans
0448 Third persecution of the Persian church under Yazdegerd II, including the massacre at Kirkuk
0449 Attila signs a new treaty with the eastern Roman empire
0449 Second Council of Ephesus (Robber's Council)
0450 0750 Invasion of the Jutes from Jutland, Angles from South of Denmark and Saxons from Germany.
0450 Alan forces served in the Hunnish army under Attila; were overrun by Goths fleeing the Huns
0450 Codex Alexandrinus (A) (LXX 1-2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT + 1-2Clement), missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon, Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4, 2Clement12.5b-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type most accurate text-type
0450 Codex Ambrosianus (F) Greek Genesis to Joshua
0450 Codex Bezae (D) Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W) Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type "fondness for paraphrase"
0450 Codex Colberto-Sarravianus Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg
0450 Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C) Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps
0450 Codex Freer Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua
0450 Codex Marchalianus (Q) Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps
0450 Codex Palatinus it(e) Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type
0450 Codex Veronensis it(b) Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type
0450 Mark's Resurrection of Jesus added to Bible (Mark 16, 9-20)
0450 Rise of Ghana in West Africa
0450 Saxons Hengist and Horsa settle in Kent.
0450 std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets
0450 Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type
0450 the first British monasteries are established in Wales
0450 the Juan-juan fight the Northern Wei dynasty
0450 the new emperor Marcian reneges on the Hun-Roman treaty
0450 Theodosius II dies and Marcian succeeds him, the first Roman emperor to be crowned by a religious leader (the patriarch of Constantinople)
0451 Council of Chalcedon rejects Monophysite concept of Jesus' divinity, triggers occasional campaigns by pro-Chalcedonian Byzantine emperors to suppress Monophysitism
0451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both human and divine in one, a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms
0451 Fourth Ecumenical Council of Chalcedon denounces Monophysitism & Death of Nestorius in exile in Egyptian desert
0451 Huns travel from Pannonia and attack Gaul but are defeated by Aetius and the Visigoths
0451 Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers
0451 Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians Mary was *not* "Mother of God"
0451 The Council of Chalcedon condemns monophysitism; monophysite Egypt, Syria, and Ethiopia break with Constantinople (right)
0451 the fourth Ecumenical Council convened in Chalcedon condemns Dioscurus of Alexandria for monophysitism (Jesus is of one nature, only divine) and affirms that Jesus was one person of two natures (both human and divine)
0451 Visigoths help Rome fight Huns (and their subjects Valamer's Pannonian Goths)
0452 Huns cross the Alps but renounce attacking Italy for fear of the plague and Attila concludes peace with Pope Leo
0453 Attila dies
0454 Aetius is murdered by his emperor
0454 Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites Jesus was divine but not human
0454 Goths expel Huns from Pannonia
0454 Valamer's Goths expel the Huns from Pannonia and his Goths regain their independence
0455 First Persian embassy reaches northern China
0455 Gaiseric's Vandals secure Rome
0455 Roman emperor Valentinian III orders all bishops to submit to the bishop of Rome (the pope)
0455 Rome is sacked for the second time.. This time, in a very systematic and controlled manner, by the Vandals - another tribe of Germanic barbarians. The Vandals go on to establish a kingdom in the Roman provinces of North Africa, whilst the Goths establish themselves in Italy and Spain.
0455 Vandals secure Rome
0456 the Visigoths enter Spain
0457-474 Pope Leo I, 46th Pope, becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman empire
0457 Babaeus/Babowai becomes the bishop ("catholico") of Seleucia-Ctesiphon
0457 Barsauma flees from Edessa to Nisibis & Formal split between Syrian Monophysites and Syrian Nestorians
0457 the eastern Roman emperor is crowned by the patriarch of Constantinople instead of the Pope
0457 the monosophytes of Alexandria rebel to the authority of Constantinople and found the Coptic Orthodox church
0460 Persian king Firuz persecutes Jews, who emigrate to Arabia
0460 St Patrick returns to convert Ireland
0460 The Hephthalite Huns conquer the Kushans and invade India
0461-468 Pope Hilarus, 47th Pope
0461-68 Hilarius
0461 the Huns besiege Paris
0462 Visigoths gain Narbonne
0463 Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father
0466 Euric becomes leader of the Visigoths
0466 Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers
0468-483 Pope Simplicius, 48th Pope
0468-83 Simplicius
0468 A Roman expedition against Gaiseric's Vandals is defeated and Rome recognizes Vandal rule over the Italian islands
0469 Euric conquers Gaul as far as the Loire
0469 the Hun king Dengizik dies and the Huns disappear
0470 Ma'na, another student of the School of Edessa, writes religious discourses, canticles and hymns in Pahlavi for use in the Persian church
0471 following a revolt against Rome, Strabo is appointed general and leader of the Thracian Goths, who are "foederati"
0473 Euric invades Catalonia
0474-491 Zeno, eastern Roman emperor
0475 Euric declares his independence from Rome and founds the Visigothic kingdom in Spain
0476 Deposition of last western Roman Emperor
0476 End of the Western Roman Empire; last emperor executed by Odoacer.
0476 Euric invades southwestern France
0476 Formal end of the Roman Empire in the West.. The last Western Emperor, Romulus Augustulus, is deposed.. .
0476 Odoacer, a mercenary in the service of Rome, leader of the Germanic soldiers in the Roman army, deposes the western Roman emperor and thereby terminates the western Roman empire
0476 Official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus
0476 Pannonian Goths revolt and Theodoric is appointed general by a contender to the title of emperor
0476 Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman emperor, is deposed by the German Odoacer.
0476 Strabo dies
0476 Theodoric becomes king of the Pannonian Goths
0477 Gaiseric dies
0480-524 Boethius
0480-547 St. Benedict, founded the Benedictines
0480 Euric invades Spain
0481 emperor Zeno shuts down the Nestorian school of Edessa, causing Nestorian scholars to flee to Persia (Nisibis)
0482 Emperor Zeno (Constantinople) issues the Henoticon, an edict of union designed to bridge the gap between the Monophysites and the Orthodox
0483-492 Pope Felix III (II), 49th Pope
0483-92 Felix III
0483 Emperor Zeno's Henotikon tries to reconcile monophysites but fails
0484-519 Acacian schism, over "Henoticon" divides Eastern (Greek) and Western (Roman) churches. Photinus, deacon of Thessalonica, was of the Greek church and held to the Acacian heresy, which denied the divine paternity of Christ. Photinus persuaded emperor Anastasius I to accept the Acacian heresy.
0484-640 Period between Great Schism and the destruction of the Library of Alexendria After the end of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church sees a period of turmoil and division, Europe's population "halved" by plague, great earthquakes occur
0484 Euric dies
0484 Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father
0484 Persian Church Council in Jundishapur approves marriage of bishops, honors memory of Theodore of Mopsuestia and adopts a Nestorian confession of faith under influence of Barsauma, Metropolitan of Nisibis & Rome, angry at Constantinople over the Henoticon, excommunicates Emperor Zeno and the Patriarch of Constantinople
0484 the Synod of Beth Papat in Persia declares the Nestorian docrine (two natures of Jesus) as the official theology of the East Syrian Church, centered in Edessa
0484 Theodoric becomes consul
0486 Fourth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Acacius) officially adopts Nestorian Christology and affirms right of priests and bishops to marry
0488 following orders from the eastern Roman emperor Zeno, Theodoric's Ostrogoths (still settled in Pannonia) invade Odoacer's Italian kingdom
0488 Theodoric unifies Pannonian and Thracian Goths (Ostrogoths)
0489 School of the Persians in Edessa closed for last time by Roman Emperor Zeno, resulting in remaining Nestorians fleeing to Persian Empire to relocate in Nisibis
0489 Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St Simeon
0490 Brigid founds the monastery of Kildare in Ireland
0491-518 Anastasius I eastern Roman emperor
0491 Armenian Church seceds from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches
0491 Birth of Abraham of Kaskar (later to become founder of Monastery of Mt. Izla)
0492-496 Pope Gelasius I, 50th Pope, "Vicar of Christ" is first used as another title
0492-96 Gelasius I
0493-526 Theodoric the Ostrogoth king of Italy
0493 Theodoric's Ostrogoths kill Odoacer and Theodoric becomes the new king of Italy, with capital in Ravenna
0496-498 Pope Anastasius II
0496-98 Anastasius II
0496 Clovis converts Franks to catholicism
0496 Clovis converts the Franks to catholicism
0496 Franks attack the Visigoths in France
0496 Narsai draws up rules for School of Nisibis & Romulus Augustus, last Western Roman Emperor, deposed by Odovacar the German
0497 Fifth General Synod of the Persian Church (Synod of Babai II)
0498-505 Laurentius
0498-506 Anti-Pope Lawrence, Lawrencian schism
0498-514 Pope Symmachus
0498-514 Symmachus
0498 Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia
0498 Nestorians accompany Shah Kavad I to Turkestan and evangelize the Hephthalite Huns, north of the Oxus River
0499 the Babylonian Talmud is compiled for eastern Jews, a much more orthodox manual of lifestyle than the western Talmud

From Shakuntala, Part II.

..."Fear not," the Prince replied; "I come!" and sprang across the burning bushes, where he saw a snake, a king of serpents, lying curled in a great ring...

Here's another premonition of future struggles: Sakoontala reveals that Anasuya, a pointed blade of Kusa grass has pricked her foot, and her bark-mantle is caught in the branch of a Kuruvaka Bush. She asks the King if he could be so good as to wait for her until she's disentangled the Kuruvaka Bush.